A Research on Cochlear Implant

A Research on Cochlear Implant A cochlear implant is an electronic device that is used by the deaf or persons with problems of hearing. The device is usually implanted in the ear to ensure that one is able to sense sounds within the environment. The main components contained in the cochlear implant include a microphone, speech processor, transmitter and an electrode array (Clark, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on A Research on Cochlear Implant specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The microphone receives various sounds from the environment and this is then transmitted to the speech processor which ensures proper selection and arrangement of sound. The transmitter helps to convert the sounds into electric impulses which are eventually sent to the various parts of the auditory nerve. The purpose of having a cochlear implant is to provide hearing for the deaf persons especially those with affected sensory hair cells. It facilitates the unde rstanding of sounds of speech in an appropriate way. Young children, who need special education, have been able to learn speeches and sounds by using this device. It facilitates the understanding of various environmental sounds by old people with hearing problems. Cochlear implants work by stimulating the auditory nerve in a very complex manner. It generates different signals through the auditory nerve and then directs them towards the brain (Clark, 2009). The brain recognizes these signals and records them as sound. This process requires one to learn on how to detect and understand the environmental sounds after which he can comfortably hear them. The current cost of the device ranges is about $5,000 and this may even go as high as $10,000. For the replacement of this device, it is done after every 10 years depending on the extent of its usage. There are various costs associated with cochlear implantation which include costs before operation, costs during the surgery, post-operatio nal costs, programming costs, daily expenses as well as the costs of rehabilitation. Preoperative costs may include medical expenses, other audio logical evaluations, costs incurred for a CT scan, and costs associated with the various trials carried out to check the hearing conditions of patients as well as therapy.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Other costs related to the surgical operations and procedure are those of acquiring the implant device, other related components supplied as well as surgeons’ fees paid by the patient. The costs incurred after operations can be very high in the process of programming which is usually done several times and the average costs incurred in may vary from one patient to another. The risks associated with the use of this device include the requirements for shaving the hair cells before an implant is made and this ma y affect the hearing of the patient permanently. The quality of sound is not as effective as the natural ear and young children may not understand some sounds as they need to learn on how to use it for a given period of time. The audiologists and language pathologists should be used at every stage during the learning process. Another risk that has been reported is that the operation involved may also damage the facial nerve. Many researchers and scientists are looking for innovative ways of designing a very small device that can be implanted internally and even provide a very clear sound transmission. The main manufacturers of the device are MED-EL, Neurelec Company and Cochlear Limited Company. The device has been supported by many deaf communities due to the benefits associated with its use. This has changed the lives of the deaf persons in understanding various environmental sounds (Clark, 2009). Due to the advancements in technology, the device is expected to solve problems of i ntegrating it with the use of sign language. Reference Clark, G. (2009). Cochlear implants: Fundamentals and applications. New York, NY: Springer.

How To Use Adverbial Phrases in Spanish

How To Use Adverbial Phrases in Spanish Native Spanish speakers often prefer phrases that act like adverbs over the corresponding adverbs themselves. Using Phrases That Function as Adverbs Heres why:  Adverbs can often be formed in Spanish by adding -mente to many adjectives, just as -ly can be used to form adverbs in English. But the creation of adverbs using -mente has its limits. For one, there are plenty of times where one needs an adverb (a word that modifies a  verb,  adjective, other adverb or an entire sentence) when theres no adjective that will do as a root word. Also, sometimes for no apparent reason, some adjectives in Spanish simply arent combined with -mente. Finally, many Spanish speakers  tend to frown on the use of several -mente adverbs in one sentence, especially in writing. The solution is one that is also used in English: use of an adverbial or prepositional phrase. These phrases are typically formed by using a preposition and a noun, sometimes including an article. For example, we might say anduvo a la izquierda for he walked leftward or he walked to the left. In that case, a la izquierda and to the left are adverbial phrases. The difference is that in Spanish, there is no one-word adverb that can be used. Adverbial phrases seem to be more common in Spanish than in English. In many cases, the same thought can be expressed using either an adverb or an adverbial phrase. Spanish tends to prefer the phrase, while English tends to prefer the simple adverb, even though both are grammatically correct. For example, it is possible to say either ciegamente or a ciegas for blindly or in a blind manner. But Spanish more often uses the phrase, English the one word. Even so, in most cases there is no practical difference in meaning between a -mente adverb and a corresponding adverbial phrase, so they are freely interchangeable. In many contexts theres no distinguishable difference, for example, between perfectamente (perfectly) and sin errores (without mistakes). What can be particularly confusing for Spanish students who have English as a first language is that the two languages frequently have similar phrases that use different prepositions. For example, the phrase for on horseback is a caballo, not the en caballo you might expect if translating the English on literally. Similarly, the phrase for kneeling or on the knees is de rodillas, not the en rodillas that might seem logical. Common Adverbial Phrases Spanish has countless adverbial phrases. Here are some of the most common, as well as some that are included simply because theyre interesting or could be confusing for the beginner, or because they provide examples of alternative ways to translate English adverbs: a bordo - on boarda caballo - on horsebacka carrera abierta - at full speeda chorros - abundantlya conciencia - conscientiouslya continuacià ³n - right afterwarda destiempo - inopportunely, at a bad timea empujones - pushingly, intermittentlya escondidas - covertly, secretlya gatas - on hands and kneesa la derecha - rightwarda la fuerza - necessarilya la izquierda - leftwarda la larga - in the long runa las claras - clearlyal fin - finallyal alimà ³n  -   jointly, togethera lo loco  -   like a crazy persona mano - by hand, manuallya mquina - by machinea matacaballo - at breakneck speeda menudo - frequentlyante todo - primarilya pie - on foota quemarropa  -   at point-blank rangea regaà ±adientes - unwillinglya sabiendas - knowinglya saltos - jumpinga solas - alonea tiempo - on time, in timea todas horas - continuallya veces - sometimesbajo control - under controlbajo cuerda - underhandedlycon ansiedad -   anxiouslycon audacia - daringl ycon bien - safelycon cuentagotas - stingilycon esperanza - hopefullycon frecuencia - frequentlycon prisa - hurriedlycon valor - courageouslyde buena gana - willinglyde continuo - continuouslyde costumbre - customarilyde frente - head-onde golpe - suddenlyde improviso - unexpectedlyde inmediato  -   immediatelyde locura - foolishlyde mala gana - unwillinglyde memoria - by memorydentro de poco - shortlyde nuevo - again, anewde ordinario - ordinarilyde pronto - suddenlyde puntillas - on tiptoede repente - suddenlyde rodillas - kneelingde seguro - certainlyde veras - trulyde verdad - truthfullyde vez en cuando - occasionallyen balde - pointlesslyen broma - jokinglyen cambio - on the other handen confianza - confidentiallyen la actualidad - presently, nowen particular - particularlyen secreto - secretlyen seguida - immediatelyen serio - seriouslyen vano  -   vainlyen voz alta - loudly (said of speaking)en voz baja - softly (said of speaking)p or ahora  -   for nowpor cierto - certainlypor consiguiente - consequentlypor fin - finallypor la puerta grande  -   in grand stylepor lo contrario - on the contrarypor lo general - generallypor lo regular  -   regularlypor lo visto - apparentlypor suerte - luckilypor supuesto - of coursepor todas partes - everywheresin empacho - uninhibitedlysin reserva - unreservedlysin ton ni son  - without rhyme or reason