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Child Life During the American Revolution Essay

During the American Revolution, kids were not a major inclusion in it, be that as it may, they were as yet dynamic during it. All things considered, during this time, there was not so much a decent schools framework for youngsters. Young men were normally out working a vocation or going to class. They did a large portion of the cash work out of the considerable number of youngsters. Additionally, while the young men were working, the young ladies were at home taking in legitimate behavior from their mom or a house slave. Young ladies were educated to be very refined during all hours. It was extremely uncommon to see a young ladies go to class getting appropriate training. Finally, a portion of the more established young men were out battling in the Revolutionary War. Young men would accomplish war work at a youthful age in those days. One thing that young men did during the American Revolution is go to class and land positions. Their sort of educational system during the American Revolution dislike our educational system today. In the late 1700s weren’t as organized, settled, and convoluted. At the schools the young men went to they adapt for the most part about Christianity and how to peruse and compose. Young men went to language structure school and school. There was a government funded school that was free for training and afterward there was a tuition based school that you need to pay. Individuals in the Middle Class and Upper Class were typically the main class of individuals that went to class. In those days, school wasn’t required. On the off chance that a kid wasn’t in school he would as a rule be working. It was normally a low paying activity since cash was constrained during the American Revolution. There are not very many employments that a kid (not a man) can get during the American Revolution. One of the main employments a kid could get is a spot in the war. As in, they’d be taking an interest in the Revolutionary War. One thing that young ladies did during the American Revolution is remaining at home learning appropriate decorum. They’d as a rule take in this from their mom. On the off chance that they were in a family unit where slaves were dealt with decently and realized how to peruse and compose, (for instance, how Miss Mary Finch treated Isabel and her family in the book Chains by Laurie Halse Anderson) at that point once in a while an old house slave would instruct her while her mother is no more. Now and then when a family doesn’t own a slave they remain at home and clean, for the most part. It was uncommon for a young lady to have appropriate training in this timeframe. Young ladies were not permitted in language structure school or school, however most young ladies despite everything realized how to peruse and compose. I a young lady wound down to have instruction at all she would need to go to a self-taught training. Self-taught young ladies were not instructed at a similar level the young men that went to class were. The young ladies were shown religion as well, at the same time, hello were just shown straightforward math and basic English. They weren’t truly showed anything convoluted. In conclusion, a typical activity that a kid would get during the American Revolution is going into the Revolutionary War. In spite of the fact that the greater part of the men battling in the war were from the ages 8 to 50 or 60, there were young men that were 12 at the most youthful. The really had a truly significant activity in the war. The vast majority of the 12, 13, and multi year olds were â€Å"drummer boys†. The drummer young men made â€Å"field music† for the officers. The drums were a significant methods for passing on requests to the troopers on the combat zone. A few kids were â€Å"powder monkeys†. â€Å"Powder moneys† are the individuals whose activity was to run and convey powder charges from the lower transport underneath the waterline to the firearm groups firing the guns during the fights. The more established children (around 15 or 16) ventured out onto the ocean as sailors. A sailor is a navel cadet. As should be obvious, kids weren’t gave that numerous open doors during this timeframe. There weren’t kids out playing with their companions, going out to see the films, and so on. They were restricted to what they could do. Young men could, extremely, just go to class or find a new line of work. Young ladies just remained at home and once in a while go appropriate instruction. Likewise, young men could go along with he war. The youngster life during the American Revolution was constrained.

5 Common Myths and Misconceptions About Psychology

5 Common Myths and Misconceptions About Psychology February 09, 2020 Hero Images/Getty Images More in Psychology Basics Psychotherapy Student Resources History and Biographies Theories Phobias Emotions Sleep and Dreaming The field of psychology is prone to a number of myths and misconceptions. This is likely because people often have very little direct knowledge and experience with the science of psychology. For many people, their first (and usually only) experience with psychology happens when they take an introductory course on the topic to fulfill a high school or university general education requirement. No wonder there are so many different misconceptions about exactly what psychology is and is not. Here are a few of the most common misconceptions. Myth 1: Psychology Is Easy This misconception is perhaps the first one dispelled for many students as they struggle through their general psychology courses. Why do some people mistakenly believe that psychology is simple and easy? One reason might be because many tend to assume that since they have so much personal experience with human behavior, they will naturally be experts on the subject. Obviously, no one would suggest that an English class should be an easy A simply because you speak English. Just like English can be a challenging subject for any native speaker, psychology classes can be equally tough, particularly for students who have little experience with the subject or who have a limited background in subjects such as science and math. Fortunately, just because psychology is challenging doesnt mean that it isnt accessible to anyone who might take an interest in it. While there might be a learning curve, you can definitely succeed in your psychology classes with effort and determination. Myth 2: Psychology Is Just Common Sense After hearing about the latest psychological research, people may tend to have an Of course! type of response. Of course thats true! Why do people even waste their time researching stuff thats just common sense? people sometimes exclaim. But what seems like common sense isnt necessarily the case. Pick up any book outlining some of the most famous experiments in the history of psychology and what you will  quickly realize is that much of this research refutes what was believed to be common sense at the time. Would you deliver potentially fatal electrical shocks to a stranger just because an authority figure told you to? Common sense might have you emphatically saying no, but psychologist Stanley Milgram famously demonstrated in an obedience experiment that the majority of people would do exactly such a thing.?? Thats the thing about common senseâ€"just because something seems like it should be true doesnt necessarily mean that it is. Researchers are able to take some of these questions and presumptions about human behavior and test them scientifically, assessing the truth or falsehood in some of our commonly held beliefs about ourselves. By using scientific methods, experimenters can investigate human issues objectively and fairly. 6 Experiments That Shaped Psychology Myth 3: You Can Become a Therapist With a Bachelors Degree In order to become a practicing therapist, you will need at least a masters degree in a field such as psychology, counseling, social work, or advanced psychiatric nursing. There are many opportunities to work in the field of mental health at the bachelors level, but these positions tend to be considered entry-level. You cannot open your own private therapy practice with just a bachelors degree.?? It is also important to be aware that the professional title psychologist is a regulated term. In order to call yourself a psychologist, you need to earn a doctorate degree in psychology, complete a supervised internship, and pass state licensing exams. Myth 4: Psychologists Get Paid Lots of Money to Listen to People Talk Certainly, some psychologists are very well compensated for their work. But the notion that they are just passively sitting back, doodling on a yellow notepad while their clients ramble on could not be further from the truth. Traditional talk therapy is only one technique that a therapist might use, and its certainly not a passive process.?? Throughout these sessions, therapists are actively engaged in listening to the client, asking questions, providing advice, and helping clients develop solutions to put into daily practice. Psychologists actually work in a wide number of professions and perform an enormous range of different duties. Salaries can vary just as dramatically. Some work in the field of mental health and focus on helping people who experience psychological distress, but other professionals work in areas such as business, education, government, and research. Some of the lowest paying psychology jobs start out in the $20,000 to $30,000 range, while the highest paying jobs can reach up in the $100,000 to $250,000 range. Factors such as specialty area, educational background, and years of experience are what determine salary. 80 Psychology-Related Careers to Consider Myth 5: Psychology Isnt a Real Science Another common myth about psychology is that it is not a real science. First, lets examine exactly what science is and is not. Some key characteristics of a science: Uses empirical methodsResearchers control and manipulate variablesObjectiveAllows for hypothesis testingResults can be replicatedFindings allow researchers to predict future occurrences Psychology relies on all of these methods in order to investigate human and animal behavior. Researchers utilize the scientific method to conduct research, which means that variables are controlled and operationally defined. Experimenters are able to test different hypotheses and use statistical analysis to determine the likelihood that such results are due merely to chance. Psychologists also present their findings in a way that makes it possible for other researchers to replicate their experiments and methods in the future. Psychology might be a relatively young science in the grand scheme of sciences, but it is indeed a real science.?? However, its important to note that scientific psychology does have some limitations. Human behavior can vary and change over time, so what is true in one particular time and place might not necessarily apply in different situations, settings, cultures, or societies. The History of Modern Psychology

Legal, Ethical and Professional Issues - 3439 Words

Legal, Ethical and Professional Issues Ethical Dilemma Within healthcare, practitioners often have to make difficult decisions regarding the care of their patients. This could be to do with giving or withdrawing treatment, or as simple as sharing risk information (Glover, 1997). Ultimately, the practitioner must be able to rationalise any decision they have made (Morrison, 2009). With this in mind, the following assignment will draw upon an ethical dilemma and explore how theoretical perspectives can be utilised within the decision making process. Therefore it will also be pertinent to draw upon the law, and how this influences actions within health care. To facilitate this discussion, I will identify a scenario from practice that†¦show more content†¦One theory that does have a workable approach is that of Beauchamp and Childress’ (1989) ‘Four Principles’. I am going to use this to illustrate how an ethically sound decision could be made for Mary. The first principle; ‘respect for autonomy,’ ind icates that patients should have the right to make informed decisions about their care. In Mary’s case, her autonomy has been ignored – she would like to be able to return home to live with her carers and would like unsupervised contact with them, but this has been denied. Having been assessed by the Consultant Psychiatrist, Mary has been deemed to have the capacity to make decisions about where she lives (Mental Capacity Act 2005), though this has not been acknowledged and she is going to be placed in supported accommodation. The second principle; ‘justice,’ relates to an action that is fair and equitable. In Mary’s case, it seems unjust that both she and her carers are seemingly being punished for a claim made during a time when she was unwell. This is particularly important in health care, as practitioners must always be able to justify the care they are giving. In this situation, I think the practitioners would struggle to do this, as the main motivator seems to be based on perceptions, rather than facts. The third principle; ‘beneficence,’ refers to actions that result in a benefit to theShow MoreRelatedLegal, Social, Ethical And Professional Issues1507 Words   |  7 Pages DEVELOPMENT FRAMEWORKS AND METHODS Answers for C1 and C2 of CW_COMP1648 â€Æ' Contents Legal, Social, Ethical and Professional Issues 2 Section C1 2 BCS Codes of Conduct and British computer society 4 Section C2 4 Legal, Social, Ethical and Professional Issues Section C1 The new ecommerce web store will be web base just like many other successfully ecommerce websites. 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In the past few decades, there was only one type of bullying, which was called â€Å"traditionalRead MoreProfessional, Legal and Ethical Issues in Person-Centred Care1357 Words   |  6 PagesProfessional, Legal and Ethical issues in person-centred care For the purpose of this assignment the student will be discussing and analysing the professional, legal and ethical issues that influenced how person-centred care was delivered to a patient in an acute psychiatric hospital where the student was working. In accordance with the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) (2010) the patient will be referred to as Sarah to uphold confidentiality. During a shift at the hospital the student attendedRead MoreThe Ethical, Legal, and Professional Issues of a Patient Being Hoisted in Chronic Pain1836 Words   |  8 Pagesperspective of the author, a student nurse. The purpose of this assignment is to underline the ethical, legal and professional issues surrounding the episode of care during nursing practice and how these issues influence the role of the nurse and their professional judgement in delivering holistic, person-centred care for the patient. The author will cover the complications on delivering care when healthcare professionals should consider and respect the patient’s decisions and personal preferences whether

I Am Why I Have An Affinity With Chemistry - 850 Words

I am sure everyone has an own story, maybe the story is a good or bad experience. For me the story is a bad experience. And the special experience clung to me all my life. So my article will talk about through the experience I learned what love is and why I have an affinity with chemistry. My story happened in when I am seven years old. I called the story name is â€Å"birthmark†. The birthmark is a blemish on the skin that is formed before birth. But for me the birthmark is not real birthmark. Actually this an ugly scar. Why I have this scar because when I was a child. One day, I am playing hide and seek with my friend in the field. Beginning, I am just hiding behind the barley now. But second times, I tried to hide my body in barely now. I stepped into the barely now, but my right foot did suddenly feel hot. I quickly out of my foot, but it is too late. My foot is hurting. In the end, my mum takes me to hospital. So I don’t know, in the summer the barely nowâ€℠¢s temperature is so hot that burns my skin. Unfortunately, my foot has left a scar. After that my mother told me a lot of about dangerous places I can’t to go and need to careful. When my mum saw my scar. She was sad. Her compunction about she did not care me well. And she told me the white scar look like a rabbit with a basket, so if someone asks what wrong with your foot. You just tell them this is a cute rabbit birthmark. But as I think about it now, my mom is very loving to me. Because every time someone isShow MoreRelatedThe Study of Modern Greek Language1204 Words   |  5 Pagesmedical profession, there are a host of reasons why I intend to integrate Modern Greek language into my program of study. The pharmacy profession is a diverse one, with a wealth of opportunities worldwide. 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Breaking Bad follows a protagonist Walter White, a high school chemistry teacher (who lives with his wife, Skyler and their teenage son who has cerebral palsy) who is diagnosed with inoperable cancer, and turns to manufacturing and selling methamphetamine in order to secure his family’s future (Breaking Bad). Although on the surface Walter White is depicted as a good guy turned bad, in actuality the character is truly embracing hisRead More Aggression in Middle School Girls Essay1570 Words   |  7 Pagessleepover. Mom had rushed to the store when it was discovered that there was no more ice cream in the freezer. My father had wisely retreated to the parlor to read. I was in charge. Suddenly, from upstairs I heard a door slam and raised voices. I gritted my teeth and went to investigate. Another door, further down the hall banged closed. I found Lily, standing in the middle of the hallway, one tightly shut door on her left, another on her right. The sounds of muffled sobbings came from within. EricaRead More J. Robert Oppenheimer Essay1313 Words   |  6 PagesSchool in New York until he graduated in 1921. After his high school education, a case of dysentery postponed his entrance into Harvard until 1922. He studied mostly math and science, showing a preference for chemistry saying that it was â€Å"at the heart of things.† He also showed a great affinity for learning languages and throughout his life he would pick up a language quickly in order to read a text in its original form. Finally, he also showed interest in Eastern philosophy and classical literatureRead MoreEssay on The Purpose of Life1856 Words   |  8 Pagesfunctions include the ability to take in food, adapt to the environment, grow, and reproduce.† But, what is it, really? What purpose in the grandest scheme of things does life serve? We have such a small effect on the universe, and it was just fine for billions of years before we came along. 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Catherine A Mackinnon`s Only Words Free Essays

Constitutionally protected speech that is Clearly sexual abuse is discriminating and unconstitutional, therefore, must be restricted speech. Catherine A. MacKinnon, in her book Only Words gives persuading evidence that pornography subordinates women as a group through sexual abuse. We will write a custom essay sample on Catherine A Mackinnon`s Only Words or any similar topic only for you Order Now She says Protecting pornography means protecting sexual abuse as speech, at the same time that both pornography and its protection have deprived women of speech, especially speech against pornography (MacKinnon, 9). MacKinnon argues this bye explaining defamation and discrimination, racial and sexual harassment, and equality and peech. Women are sexually abused for the making of pornography. Torture, rape, hot wax dripping over nipples, and murdering women are the tools to produce a product of evil. Literature is the description of these crimes against humanity (emphasized) and cameras are proof of these crimes. On the assumption that words have only a referential relation to reality, pornography is defended as only words-even when it is pictures women had to directly used to make, even when the means of writing are womens bodies, even when a women is destroyed in order to say it or show it or because it was said or shown. MacKinnon, 12) However, assuming words are only a partial relation to reality would mean we would have to reconsider what reality is. Our wedding vows such as I do would be meaningless and a jury could never return a verdict that is only partial to reality. These words are treated as the institutions and practices they constitute, rather than as expressions of the idea they embody (Mackinnon, 13) Therefore, if these words of pornography are only words, dont they institutionalize rape Since pornography is rape on women. Pornography is protected by the First Amendment as free speech, but why Because he pornographic materials are construed as ideas, and the First Amendment protects ideas. Pornography is commonly brushed of as some product of fantasy for those who buy it. But what about the women who were tortured to make it. Also it is brushed off as simulated. This means that the pain and hurt the women are feeling is just acting. Put a little music and a smile here and there to cover up the pain, and you are portraying to and giving pure pleasure for those who buy the product. Just like fantasizing a death, how do you simulate a death But discarding pornography as a representation is the most frequent excuse. But how can a murder be justified on terms of representation (MacKinnon, 27,28) . When one fantasizes about murdering another person, this is premeditation of murder. If he were to express this idea, he would be heard as expressing a threat and penalized. For the obvious reason, publications that are how to guides on murdering people are not protected speech. I believe Pornography is the catalyst for premeditation of rape. Pornography flicks are how to guides for rape. So why are they legal His idea is protected, and further more is his threat of Im gonna *censored* her, because both are seen as antasy, but why isnt murder seen as fantasy Murder is the loss of ones life, but so is pornography when women have been killed to produce it. Pornography is proven to be addicted. When somebody is addicted to premeditating rape, its only a matter of time before his addiction of premeditation becomes a solid plan. Sexual or racial harassment has been suggested to only be made illegal if only directed at an individual and not a group. The idea seems to be that injury to one person is legally actionalble, but the same injury to thousands of people is protected speech.. MacKinnon, 51) This would be disparate impact which involves employment practices that are facially neutral in their treatment of different groups, but that, in fact, fall more harshly on one group than another and cannot be justified by business necessity. (Lindgren Taub,167) Pornography is disparate impact on women, because of the sexual abuse, and ironically the disparate impact seems to be the business necessity. Under Title Sevens disparate impact treatment concept, pornography is illegal. I just have to prove it now) Also, is there not easonable harm (Wolgast, 432, Fem Juris) for a women to visit a place where men are watching a porno and premeditating her rape Is she not infringed on her First Amendment right to congregate with equal respect. The idea of pornography (pre meditated rape) does not allow her respect. It does not allow respect for women as a whole, living among men as a whole, who have the idea in their mind. Two groups, men and women, one who is premeditating rape against the other because of a purchased product, pornography, the catalyst to rape. Pornography clearly resembles the theory of Dominance. The important difference etween men and women is that women get *censored*ed and men *censored* women (MacKinnon, 499. Fem Juris) socially and constitutionally. This in turn renders them incapable of an individual self. When protected dehumanizing speech (pornography) is ramped in the market, subordination of women occurs. The more violent speech gets, it seems that more protected it becomes. The more pornography expands, the more protected it becomes. Therefore, the more pornography is produced, the more unequal women become, and there speech is less heard and reduced to Only words.. (MacKinnon) Women are then left to remain silent. How to cite Catherine A Mackinnon`s Only Words, Essay examples

The Rise of the Gulf Airports Essay Example

The Rise of the Gulf Airports Essay A threat for Amsterdam Airport Siphon? Abstract The airports of ABA Dhabi, Doth and Dublin, together referred to as the Gulf airports, will have a combined capacity of 340 million passengers by 2020. Consequently, they are trying to redirect the traditional traffic flows east tot west. This research focused on the possible influence of the Gulf airports on Amsterdam Siphon Airport. The findings show that the Gulf airports have a good competitive position on the transfer market to and from Southeast Salsa and Oceania, but not to Northern and East Asia. They pose no immediate threat, however, Siphon and the main Dutch airline KILL will have to continue their cooperation in order to minimize this upcoming competition and to ensure a sustainable position of Siphon as one of the most important hub airport on the transfer market. Keywords: Hub competition, Gulf airports, Amsterdam Siphon Airport, Gulf region Table of contents 1. Introduction After the deregulation of the European aviation market in the period 1992-1997, airlines gained the freedom to adept their strategies to market demand and to reorganize themselves spatially. As the hub-and-spoke network structure was perceived to add value on both the demand and cost side, it consequently became the dominant choice of network structure (Gillie Morrison, 2005). Amsterdam Airport Siphon In the Netherlands Is the fourth largest airport of Europe, and the main hub of KILL Royal Dutch airline. Airline hubs are essentially airports where passengers change airplanes to reach their final destination (Drudger et al. , 2007). By directing multiple flights through a hub, airlines can service more destinations while operating more cost-effectively. We will write a custom essay sample on The Rise of the Gulf Airports specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Rise of the Gulf Airports specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Rise of the Gulf Airports specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Siphon airport has reached the position of he fourth largest airport In Europe, because It Is a hub airport. Without Its hub operations, Siphon would lose Its status as one of Rupees largest and most important airports (Billionth Mueller, 2012). A few rapidly rising players may threaten these operations. Since the beginning of the 21 SST century the airline industry in the Arabian Gulf has grown extensively, becoming a relatively new player in the international aviation industry. Airlines from the Gulf region, like Emirates, Edited and Qatar Airlines are rapidly expanding their network over the world, while multitudinously building new hub-airports In their countries of origin. Moreover, with other world regions, its central location offers a perfect gateway to both the Asia- Pacific and Western markets. When the new airports in the Gulf region are finished around 2020, the combined capacity will amount to c. 340 million passengers each year. These developments are likely to have great effect on major European and Asian carriers, as well as their respective hubs (Vestryman et al. 2008). In the academic literature a large amount of research articles are written on airport intention, airport regulation, airline mergers/alliances, and the hub-and-spoke network structure. However, the literature on the development of new airports, the rise of Middle-Eastern carriers and its effect on the airline industry is limited. Therefore, this paper aims to present a clear c onclusion based on the existing literature on these developments, and to provide a valid contribution on this trending topic that is expected to have a significant impact on the airline industry in its current state. This paper is a literature review of existing, peer-reviewed articles and official publications of the researched airports. The focus of the paper is Amsterdam Airport Siphon, and the scope is limited to the effects that the airports of Dublin, Doth and ABA Dhabi might have on Siphon. In the first part of the paper an overview will be given of the existing streams of literature on the airport market, as well as an elaboration on the research questions that have been formulated. In the following part a layout will be presented which shows how the research was conducted, which publications and articles have been read, as well as how data has been gathered and processed in order to answer the research questions. The third art presents the results of the literature review and in the final part of the paper the results are discussed and a final conclusion is drawn. 2. Motivation and research questions Many people see airports as a place where they can get on an airplane, a simple transportation platform Just like a railway station or bus stop. This, however, is not the case anymore. Major airports, like Frankfurt am Main, London Heathers and Paris-Charles De Gaulle, have developed themselves into full-grown enterprises, making profit for shareholders and providing Jobs and generating business for the regions surrounding the airport. The same goes for Amsterdam Airport Siphon. It has become the fourth largest airport of Europe, offering its services to 99 different airlines who transported 52,6 million passengers and 1,5 million tones of cargo to 323 directly serviced destinations in 2013 (Siphon Group, 2013). Moreover, it houses around 500 different companies on its property, together employing more than 65. 000 persons. The contribution of the aviation industry to the Dutch GAP is estimated to be 26 billion euros in 2014. For a country with a reasonable small home- market (17 million inhabitants these are impressive numbers. These numbers are relatively high due to the major share of passengers that only uses Siphon as a transfer point to continue to their final destination. Over the past decade the share of transfer passengers at Siphon has fluctuated between 40 and 45 percent. However, these numbers could decrease in the coming years due to competition from the Arabian Gulf region. The leaders of Qatar, Dublin and ABA Dhabi are looking for future income to replace the current income from oil, which eventually will run out, development of the aviation industry is one part of the overall master plan to develop he Gulf region into a global center for commerce and trade (Madly Dillon, 2007). Another objective is to become a new tourist destination, with the construction of luxury resorts, large shopping malls, sport venues and, museums like Guggenheim (Walters et al. , 2006). Moreover, the airlines Edited, Emirates and Qatar, together referred to as the Gulf airlines, alone have outstanding orders with Boeing and Airbus for a total of 685 aircrafts, worth an estimated $214 billion dollar on list prices. This will give them more seat capacity than their combined population, which implies he Gulf airlines will have to get their business from other regional markets like Asia, Europe and the Americas. The aforementioned projects are widely discussed in newspapers and on television, although the amount of research literature on this topic is limited. In the next paragraph the subjects of a few papers are stated. Lehmann et al. (2009) analyzed how Dublin, similar to Singapore, is using its aviation traffic hub to become a tourist destination. Vestryman et al. (2008) describe the impact on incumbent players and their potential strategic reactions. Grimmer (2011) dewed the rise of the Gulf carriers from a German perspective while others looked at the business model of Emirates Airlines (Soul et al. , 2005; OConnell, 2011). Hooper et al. (2011) documented the development of air transport networks over the past century in the region surrounding the Arabian Gulf and Feeler et al. (1994) focused on its airport and airline development. All these papers conclude that the Middle East is becoming an aviation Junction again. Due to the absence of academic literature on the effect of aviation growth in the Middle East from a Dutch perspective the author cited to perform a literature review and use the findings to answer the following research question: Is the rise of new hub airports in the Gulf region an immediate threat for Amsterdam Airport Siphon? In order to arrive at a good, constructed answer the main research question is divided into four sub questions. The answers to these four questions will form the foundation on which the final conclusion is based. The first sub research question is: Sub ARQ 1. Who are competing with Siphon? Although it becomes clear from the main research question that this paper is about he competition between Siphon and the new hub airports in the Gulf region, this question was formulated to show the boundaries of the research. The second sub research question is: Sub ARQ 2. Why are the Gulf airports competing with Siphon? As stated above, research shows that the Gulf States are going through a transformation, which could be a reason why they are choosing for full competition instead of cooperation. The third sub research question is: Sub ARQ 3. On which characteristics are the Gulf airports competing with Siphon? In order to reveal whether the new competition is an immediate threat we will have ravel time, connections and quality of service. The last sub-research question is: Sub ARQ 4. Are they competing on a level playing field? To evaluate the possible threat properly, it is necessary to appraise whether the competing airports are operating on a level playing field. For example, Adler et al. (2012) listed barriers of expansion to include political interest, noise and environmental restrictions, as well as the time and expense involved in receiving planning permission. The construction of the Polyhedral, Chippers fifth runway, took multiple years, due to many of these restrictions. In Dublin, the owner of Dublin Airports is H. H. Sheikh Aimed bin Eased AAA Maximum, who also controls Emirates airline, the airport authority and the regions aviation policy. As such, Dublin airports are less constrained than Siphon. Airports serve three types of passengers, namely origin-and-destination (OD), transfer and transit. OD passengers start or end their journey at a specific airport, while transfer and transit passengers only have a temporary stop at an airport and then continue to their final destination. The difference between transfer and transit is that transit passengers are staying in the aircraft during a technical stop (Muriel OConnell, 2011). In this paper transfer and transit are considered similar, because transit represent merely a small fraction of the total traffic at the discussed airports. When looking at airports we can define two types of competition. Treachery and Candid (2010) define airport competition as local demand located in overlapping catchments areas. This demand consists of O passengers, residing in between two or more airports from which they can decide to leave. For example, passengers living in Bread are located in between the airports of Amsterdam, Brussels and Dselfless. The competition between Siphon and the four airports from the Gulf region can be classified as hub competition, referring to the competition for transfer passengers. Figure 1 illustrates this competition. Figure : Hub competition When passengers want to travel from A to B, and there is no direct connection available they will have to transfer through a hub airport. Airports are competing with each other for these passengers to transfer through their airport instead of the competitors. The catchments area for the transfer passengers is defined by the destinations where such passengers originate and terminate, encompassing, for a rage hub, the entire world (Billionth Mueller, 2012). The following section will discuss how this literature review was conducted. 3. Research method and data analysis The search for literature was preformed using the library database of the Verve Universities in Amsterdam, as well as Google Scholar. Keywords like hub-and-spoke, airport connectivity and hub competition were used to find relevant papers. As the amount of papers based on these topics was significant, secondary keywords were applied in the search field to narrow down the results. The search for literature also showed the author which Journals were most relevant on the topic. Other Journals were excluded to find the best papers. The papers that came out on top after keywords, titles and abstracts. Based on their keywords they were divided in maps. The search for literature was conducted in May 2014. Primary keywords Secondary keywords Hub-and-spoke, airport connectivity, airport competition, hub competition, regulation, business model/strategy Middle-east, Europe, Amsterdam Airport Siphon, Gulf region, Emirates Table : Keywords used in search The papers that were divided in maps qualified for a full paper review. During the full paper review, parts that were relevant for answering the research questions were slighted. Articles that were used or discussed in the papers and considered possibly relevant were checked by reading the abstracts. If the abstracts and keywords were relevant, they also qualified for a full paper review. Although most papers found through this backward literature search were not suitable, a couple of them were. For statistical data about the airports the author used some official publications like annual reports and a competitors analysis. Information and data found during the full paper reviews were selected based on which research question they contributed too. By dividing the results per research questions they could easily be compared to each other. This contributed to a clear discussion of the found facts later in the report. 4. Results The results of the review will be presented in this section, and discussed in the next. As the results were divided based on which research question they contributed too, they will be presented likewise. Results that did not have a clear contribution to one of the questions are presented in the final part of this section. 4. 1 Research question Some of the articles reviewed referred to the Middle East, while others discussed the Gulf region. The Middle East consists of 12 countries, and within these boundaries the Arabian Gulf is situated. The Arabian Gulf region comprises Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (AAU) (Grimmer, 2011). In this paper the analysis is limited to the airports of Qatar (Doth), the Emirates of Dublin (Dublin International, AAA Maximum) and ABA Dhabi, together referred to as the Gulf Airports and the potential threat for Amsterdam Airport Siphon, as they pose the biggest threat based on the increased capacity the airports. Clearly defining who is omitting with Siphon will help to determine the scope of this research. Originally the research was on the competition between airports, but the results suggest otherwise. Graham (2008) stated that airport competition is based on the competition between airlines. Similar statements were found in other research. Redound et al. (2011) claim that the overall competitive position of a hub is the Joint result of the competitive behavior of airlines and airports and Vestryman et al. (2008) state that it is going to be a competition of systems, comprising airlines and their respective hub airports, rather than of individual actors. This is because they are linked to each other; an airline cannot perform its service without an airport and vice versa. Furthermore, the airports in this research are situated in small countries, giving the nations main carriers no other possibilities to operate from. Billionth Mueller and Steam should also be taken into account. The explanation for this is that airlines in an alliance use each others hubs to transfer their passengers over the world. For example, if a passenger from North America is traveling to Doth with Qatar Airways (member of Enroll) and no direct flight is available, the passenger ill transfer through Heathers London Airport, which is the hub of British Airways, also a member of the Enroll alliance. This is a clear example of how an airline and its respective alliance influence which hub airport is used to transfer passengers. It is therefore important that an airport and its hub operator act together in order to give an airline and its alliance a competitive advantage, as well as to make the airport more favorable for channeling transfer passengers in comparison with other airports. In the Gulf region they operate the strategy of Joint airline-airport ownership, forcing both parties to co-support each others activities (Muriel OConnell, 2011). On Dublin International Airport for example, they built an entire terminal that is only used by Emirates, ensuring smooth operations and short connection times for its passengers. Based on the above results the first research question can be answered by saying that the competition is between the Gulf airports and their respective carriers on the one hand and Siphon and KILL on the other. The table below shows the airports, the planned increase in capacity, and the respective airlines and the alliance memberships, where applicable. Airport capacity 2012 Planned Capacity 2016 Home carrier Airline alliance ABA Dhabi 20 million 32 million Edited No, but icosahedra with multiple airlines including KILL Doth (Ham Into. 24 million 50 million Qatar Airways Enroll Dublin 70 million Emirates Partnership with Santa Dublin (AAA Maximum Into. ) 5 million 160 million Siphon 51 million 56 million KILL Steam Table : Airport data, adapted from (Muriel OConnell, 2011) 4. 2 Research question 2 This research question tries to explain the explosive growth of aviation in the Gulf region. The results show two main reasons for the increased competition coming from the Gulf region. L ehmann et al. (2009) refer to a master plan that must transform the countries under research into a new tourist destination. Hence the big investments in projects, ranging from the artificial islands The Palm and The World, seven-star hotel the Bur] AAA Arab and a mall with indoor skiing (Ski Dublin) in Dublin, to a Guggenheim museum, a branch of the Louvre museum and Formula One racing track in ABA Dhabi, to make the Gulf region attractive for travelers. However, tourism is not the only element that is part of the plan. Dillon and Madly (2007) state that the development of the aviation industry is one part of an overall master plan to develop he Gulf region into a global center for commerce and trade. With the development of this industry, the Gulf States are preparing for the time when the oil and gas resources will be depleted, their number one source of income, by creating new streams of revenue. The development of a mega-hub is seen as positively affecting: industrial development; the positioning of corporate headquarters; growth of light manufacturing; hosting of international conferences and trade shows; increased tourism receipts; and growth of a logistics and distribution hub (OConnell, 2011). Apollo Karakas (2011) claim that Siphon and the air service provided is held to be a significant factor in the decisions of over 1,000 international companies to locate in the greater Amsterdam region. According to the literature on the developments in the Gulf States, it appears that the leaders of the region working to achieve the same status and appeal for international business and tourism, and they are using aviation to get there. The choice for aviation to be a major part in this master plan is based on the geographical location of the region. It is estimated that around 4. Billion persons side within an 8-hour flight of the Middle East, providing the potential for a large part of the worlds population to connect through a single stop (OConnell, 2011). And because of this central location the Gulf States are trying to transfer all these people through their airports with their airlines. While it can been seen that the Gulf region is strongly promoting itself as an end-destinat ion, a seat offer that goes beyond the region to destinations around the world will provide an additional and presumably the most important possibility to fill the regions aircrafts and airports (Vestryman, Wald, Sleigh, 2008). This is necessary because the Gulf carriers have ordered such a large amount of new aircrafts, far exceeding the amount of tourists the Gulf States expect to draw. Muriel and OConnell (2011) showed in their report that the Gulf airlines have 60% more long-haul seat capacity on order than Air France, British Airways and Lufthansa combined. This capacity will have to be filled, mainly by transferring passengers through their airports. Franken John (2011) state that the geographical location of Europe puts European hub and spoke carriers into a grown big because of their strong network of connecting services, but now are Halloween by competitors from the Middle East due to a similar central geographic location. Consequently, the aviation industry from the Gulf region is aiming for their traffic, trying to redirect it via its hubs in Dublin, ABA Dhabi and Doth (Vestryman et al. , 2008). Muriel OConnell (2011) even say the Gulf region is reshaping the competitive dynamics of the industry as they are changing the traditional traffic flows between East and West. Redound et al. (2011) identified the three major markets for indirect connections to be between I) North America and Asia, it) North America and Europe, and iii) between Europe and Asia. Except for the North America to Europe market, the Gulf region has a competitive geographical location which it will use to compete against the incumbent players. So, in summary, why are the Gulf Airports and Gulf Airlines competing with Siphon? Because the leaders of the Gulf States have formulated a master plan to develop new income streams for the replacement of future decreasing revenues from the petroleum industry. The Gulf States realized that aviator is the key to transform the current petroleum industry dependence by capitalizing on the central location of the Gulf Airports in comparison to airport hubs in other regions in the world. To conclude, the underlying motives are both the possibility and the necessity of the Gulf States to enter the competitive field of aviation. 4. 3 Research question 3 In order to compare the airports under review, the following characteristics have been identified for a valid benchmark: a) Total travel time and route frequencies (Hansen, 1990; Reynolds-Feigning McKay, 2006), b) total costs of travel (Bruins et al. 2000), c) number of connections available within a given time window(Brought Dewitt, 2005), d) average waiting times (Retrieve Boron, 2001; Line, 2006), and e) quality of service at the airports (Redound et al. 2011). As mentioned in the previous section, the three major markets for indirect connections are between North America and Asia, North Amer ica and Europe and between Europe and Asia. Looking at total travel time, the first factor that passengers claim to be important, Siphon has a strong competitive position on the North America Europe market. This is driven by the fact that travel through Siphon will always be faster due to smaller flight distances. Similarly, the geographical location of Siphon will be a competitive advantage for flights to Eastern and Northern Asia as total flight time will be shorter o these destinations as well. Competition will be most fierce on the traffic flows to South East Asia and Oceania, for the main reason that the Gulf Airports have a geographical advantage in that area, giving them the possibility to connect passengers faster and with only one stop. The second factor that is important for travelers are the total costs of travel. Research conducted by Grimmer (2011) revealed that the Gulf airlines are rarely price leader on flights between Europe and Asia. This could indicate that they dont feel the need yet to lower their fares, and first try to compete on the other characteristics. Another way the Gulf region is competing with Siphon is by adding new destinations to its network, and increasing the frequencies to these destinations. If a passenger can reach more destinations through one stop, at a wider variety of departure times at one airport versus the other, the passenger will choose the prior airline-airport combination. This type of competition can be seen at Newcastle. From these airports, one-stop flights to destinations in Asia and Australia are offered through its hub airport in Dublin, whereas passengers who would travel through Siphon would have to stop in Koala Lump or Singapore as well before caching their final destination, making it a two-stop flight. Using secondary airports in their network is an important part of Emirates strategy (Soul et al. , 2005; Grimmer, 2011). Table 3 shows the amount of destinations served by the researched airports. Siphon clearly has the most served destinations, although if the Gulf airports keep adding new destinations they will improve their competitive position. Airport Destinations served in 2013 323 93 Doth 260 Table : Destinations served (source: Siphon Group, 2013;ABA Dhabi Airports, 2014;Dublin Airports, 2014) Another way the Gulf airports are competing with Siphon s through average waiting times and amount of connections available within a certain time window. As the Gulf airports do not have any congestion and regulations on noise and night curfews, it allows their carriers to arrive in coordinated waves. By aligning the waves of arriving and departing planes, it is possible to offer a large number of connecting destinations while keeping connecting times low for transferring passengers (Muriel OConnell, 2011). KILL operates its network on a similar wave configuration, however,due to night restrictions and the resulting ingestion at certain time slots, it is more difficult to operate a tight schedule. Hence the importance for Siphon and KILL to co-operate in order to maintain the competitiveness of both parties. Redound et al. 2011) indicated that the quality of service provided at hub airports was the third criteria in a passengers choice of travel route. Therefore the quality of service at the newly built airports in the Gulf region will be of high standard, in order to attract both more passengers and airlines. However, in 2013 Siphon also started with improving its facilities and services in order to maintain its competitive position (Siphon Group, 2013). Each year, Ashtray hands out the best airport awards, based on passenger reviews. Siphon has been in the top ten for many years, and in 2014 was awarded the fifth place; none of the Gulf Airports made it to the top ten. In the category best transfer airport, Siphon was ranked fourth, Dublin tenth (Ashtray, 2014). Considering that Siphon is updating and renovating its resources, it should be able to sustain its competitive position for quality of service provided. Following the above results, it can be said that the airline-airport combinations from the Gulf region compete with Siphon/KILL mainly on the transfer market from North America and Europe to South East Asia and Australia based on geographical advantage. They can offer shorter travel times and higher frequencies with a large fleet. Due to the absence of restrictions an efficient offered while minimizing the connecting times. Additionally, the Gulf airports and airlines try to compete by offering high class services and facilities at the airports, however, Siphon simultaneously started updating its facilities and services in order to stay competitive and attractive for transfer passengers. . 4 Research question 4 Analysis of the literature has to indicate whether the Gulf airports are competing with Siphon on a level playing field. As mentioned before, the business model of Emirates, Edited, Qatar Airways and their respective airports is largely formulated on transfer traffic, which is a key underpinning strategy for future growth (Muriel OConnell, 2011). Because the owners of the airlines are the same owners of the respective airports, airport charges are kept low. Muriel OConnell (2011) calculated that airport charges for an Airbus AWAY-600 are approximately nine times higher at Siphon than at the Gulf Airports. Moreover, airlines are not charged for any connecting passengers. The combined effect is that airlines that use the airports as transfer hub can offer passengers cheaper tickets due to lower operational costs. The result is that the Gulf airlines are more attractive for passengers, and the Gulf airports more attractive for airlines. Siphon, on the other hand, is also charging airlines less for transfer passengers then for OD passengers (Billionth Mueller, 2012). So, all airports researched provide incentives to airlines to use their airport, only the Gulf airports are cheaper than Siphon. As already stated in section 4. , the development of the aviation industry in the Gulf region is part of a bigger master plan. Therefore it is likely that the Gulf airports and Gulf airlines are granted backings from their governments that are necessary to ensure their competitiveness and financial health (Vestryman et al. , 2008). If they fail, so will the plan to transform the Gulf region in a new center for commerce and trade. Moreover, there are no congestion problems or night curfews at the airports, lower labor costs and a labor force that is not permitted to Join a union or go on a strike, giving the Gulf airports an operational and cost advantage on Siphon. The Joint airline-airport ownership of the respective governments also gives them political advantages, as a government will not be counter-productive against its own company. Per contra, Adler Galilean (2012) stated that over the history of the aviation industry, both airlines and airports have been heavily regulated and subsidized, including KILL/ Siphon. And due to its importance to the Dutch economy, the national government has taken an active interest in the airports development strategies (Apollo Karakas, 2011), and owns a majority share in its owner the Siphon Group for 69. % (Siphon Group, 2013). Furthermore, it is worth noting that the CEO of KILL, Mr.. Camille Rulings, was the Dutch minister of Transport, Public Works and Watermarking from 2007 to 2010. Based on the results it can be said that the Gulf airports and airlines are not competing on a level playing field with Siphon and KILL. They are better off on an operational, financial and political level, even though Sip hon/KILL also received financial help in the past and have their political connections. 4. 5 Main research question Results that were found during the literature review and that could not be listed

A Research on Cochlear Implant

A Research on Cochlear Implant A cochlear implant is an electronic device that is used by the deaf or persons with problems of hearing. The device is usually implanted in the ear to ensure that one is able to sense sounds within the environment. The main components contained in the cochlear implant include a microphone, speech processor, transmitter and an electrode array (Clark, 2009).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on A Research on Cochlear Implant specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The microphone receives various sounds from the environment and this is then transmitted to the speech processor which ensures proper selection and arrangement of sound. The transmitter helps to convert the sounds into electric impulses which are eventually sent to the various parts of the auditory nerve. The purpose of having a cochlear implant is to provide hearing for the deaf persons especially those with affected sensory hair cells. It facilitates the unde rstanding of sounds of speech in an appropriate way. Young children, who need special education, have been able to learn speeches and sounds by using this device. It facilitates the understanding of various environmental sounds by old people with hearing problems. Cochlear implants work by stimulating the auditory nerve in a very complex manner. It generates different signals through the auditory nerve and then directs them towards the brain (Clark, 2009). The brain recognizes these signals and records them as sound. This process requires one to learn on how to detect and understand the environmental sounds after which he can comfortably hear them. The current cost of the device ranges is about $5,000 and this may even go as high as $10,000. For the replacement of this device, it is done after every 10 years depending on the extent of its usage. There are various costs associated with cochlear implantation which include costs before operation, costs during the surgery, post-operatio nal costs, programming costs, daily expenses as well as the costs of rehabilitation. Preoperative costs may include medical expenses, other audio logical evaluations, costs incurred for a CT scan, and costs associated with the various trials carried out to check the hearing conditions of patients as well as therapy.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Other costs related to the surgical operations and procedure are those of acquiring the implant device, other related components supplied as well as surgeons’ fees paid by the patient. The costs incurred after operations can be very high in the process of programming which is usually done several times and the average costs incurred in may vary from one patient to another. The risks associated with the use of this device include the requirements for shaving the hair cells before an implant is made and this ma y affect the hearing of the patient permanently. The quality of sound is not as effective as the natural ear and young children may not understand some sounds as they need to learn on how to use it for a given period of time. The audiologists and language pathologists should be used at every stage during the learning process. Another risk that has been reported is that the operation involved may also damage the facial nerve. Many researchers and scientists are looking for innovative ways of designing a very small device that can be implanted internally and even provide a very clear sound transmission. The main manufacturers of the device are MED-EL, Neurelec Company and Cochlear Limited Company. The device has been supported by many deaf communities due to the benefits associated with its use. This has changed the lives of the deaf persons in understanding various environmental sounds (Clark, 2009). Due to the advancements in technology, the device is expected to solve problems of i ntegrating it with the use of sign language. Reference Clark, G. (2009). Cochlear implants: Fundamentals and applications. New York, NY: Springer.

How To Use Adverbial Phrases in Spanish

How To Use Adverbial Phrases in Spanish Native Spanish speakers often prefer phrases that act like adverbs over the corresponding adverbs themselves. Using Phrases That Function as Adverbs Heres why:  Adverbs can often be formed in Spanish by adding -mente to many adjectives, just as -ly can be used to form adverbs in English. But the creation of adverbs using -mente has its limits. For one, there are plenty of times where one needs an adverb (a word that modifies a  verb,  adjective, other adverb or an entire sentence) when theres no adjective that will do as a root word. Also, sometimes for no apparent reason, some adjectives in Spanish simply arent combined with -mente. Finally, many Spanish speakers  tend to frown on the use of several -mente adverbs in one sentence, especially in writing. The solution is one that is also used in English: use of an adverbial or prepositional phrase. These phrases are typically formed by using a preposition and a noun, sometimes including an article. For example, we might say anduvo a la izquierda for he walked leftward or he walked to the left. In that case, a la izquierda and to the left are adverbial phrases. The difference is that in Spanish, there is no one-word adverb that can be used. Adverbial phrases seem to be more common in Spanish than in English. In many cases, the same thought can be expressed using either an adverb or an adverbial phrase. Spanish tends to prefer the phrase, while English tends to prefer the simple adverb, even though both are grammatically correct. For example, it is possible to say either ciegamente or a ciegas for blindly or in a blind manner. But Spanish more often uses the phrase, English the one word. Even so, in most cases there is no practical difference in meaning between a -mente adverb and a corresponding adverbial phrase, so they are freely interchangeable. In many contexts theres no distinguishable difference, for example, between perfectamente (perfectly) and sin errores (without mistakes). What can be particularly confusing for Spanish students who have English as a first language is that the two languages frequently have similar phrases that use different prepositions. For example, the phrase for on horseback is a caballo, not the en caballo you might expect if translating the English on literally. Similarly, the phrase for kneeling or on the knees is de rodillas, not the en rodillas that might seem logical. Common Adverbial Phrases Spanish has countless adverbial phrases. Here are some of the most common, as well as some that are included simply because theyre interesting or could be confusing for the beginner, or because they provide examples of alternative ways to translate English adverbs: a bordo - on boarda caballo - on horsebacka carrera abierta - at full speeda chorros - abundantlya conciencia - conscientiouslya continuacià ³n - right afterwarda destiempo - inopportunely, at a bad timea empujones - pushingly, intermittentlya escondidas - covertly, secretlya gatas - on hands and kneesa la derecha - rightwarda la fuerza - necessarilya la izquierda - leftwarda la larga - in the long runa las claras - clearlyal fin - finallyal alimà ³n  -   jointly, togethera lo loco  -   like a crazy persona mano - by hand, manuallya mquina - by machinea matacaballo - at breakneck speeda menudo - frequentlyante todo - primarilya pie - on foota quemarropa  -   at point-blank rangea regaà ±adientes - unwillinglya sabiendas - knowinglya saltos - jumpinga solas - alonea tiempo - on time, in timea todas horas - continuallya veces - sometimesbajo control - under controlbajo cuerda - underhandedlycon ansiedad -   anxiouslycon audacia - daringl ycon bien - safelycon cuentagotas - stingilycon esperanza - hopefullycon frecuencia - frequentlycon prisa - hurriedlycon valor - courageouslyde buena gana - willinglyde continuo - continuouslyde costumbre - customarilyde frente - head-onde golpe - suddenlyde improviso - unexpectedlyde inmediato  -   immediatelyde locura - foolishlyde mala gana - unwillinglyde memoria - by memorydentro de poco - shortlyde nuevo - again, anewde ordinario - ordinarilyde pronto - suddenlyde puntillas - on tiptoede repente - suddenlyde rodillas - kneelingde seguro - certainlyde veras - trulyde verdad - truthfullyde vez en cuando - occasionallyen balde - pointlesslyen broma - jokinglyen cambio - on the other handen confianza - confidentiallyen la actualidad - presently, nowen particular - particularlyen secreto - secretlyen seguida - immediatelyen serio - seriouslyen vano  -   vainlyen voz alta - loudly (said of speaking)en voz baja - softly (said of speaking)p or ahora  -   for nowpor cierto - certainlypor consiguiente - consequentlypor fin - finallypor la puerta grande  -   in grand stylepor lo contrario - on the contrarypor lo general - generallypor lo regular  -   regularlypor lo visto - apparentlypor suerte - luckilypor supuesto - of coursepor todas partes - everywheresin empacho - uninhibitedlysin reserva - unreservedlysin ton ni son  - without rhyme or reason

Opioid analgesics Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Opioid analgesics - Term Paper Example Opiod analgesics can be natural, semi-synthetic, fully synthetic or endogenous in nature. The naturally occurring opiods can be attaned by incising a seed pod which has a substance known as opium. This opium contains alkaloids and the primary alkaloid is morphine. Semi synthetic opiods are the ones that are created from these natural opiates. Examples of semi-synthetic opiods are hydrocodone, desomorphine and buprenorphine. Fully synthetic ones are the ones created totally in the laboratory and these include fentanyl and pethidine. Endogenous opiods are the ones that are produced inside the body and these include endorphins and enkephalins. Some names of opioids are Morphine, hydromorphone, oxymorphone, methadone, meperidine, fentanyl, sufentanil, alfentanil, levorphanol and codeine. Opioids are the most effective and best option of treatment of pain that has a chronic pattern and has been persisting for a very long time. It has been proved to be useful for unbearable and severe pain for relief. It is very useful in life hampering conditions which do not have a definite cure which include late stages of cancers and opioids are used in these pathologies. It is also an option of treatment for anxiety. Other clinical uses include the usage of these drugs in spinal analgesia. Opiods can also be used as drugs for the treatment of diarrhea. They can also induce sleep and hence can be used as sedatives. Another common indication for opioids is in decreasing the reflex of cough. Opiods can also serve as emetic agents and can be used to induce vomiting. Acute pulmonary edema is a clinical condition which can be relieved by the provision of opiods by the mechanism of dilation of the vessels. Certain opiods which have long lasting effects are used in the rehabilitation programs for the treatment of the opiod addicts so as to counter the withdrawal symptoms seen in these patients. The opioids are a class of drugs that have a good rate of absorption when they are taken by m outh. A few opioids serve as exceptions which include morphine, hydromorphone and oxymorphone. These drugs undergo the first pass effect before they enter the circulation. These drugs can hence be given by the parenteral route. These drugs have the capability of reaching the most of the tissues of the human body. They can also cross the placenta. These drugs are acted upon by the enzymes of the liver and are converted into forms of glucoronide. Their route of removal from the human body is via the renal system. Alcohol has the ability of increasing the effects of the opioids on the human body. Also in patients with pathologies of the liver, the effect of the opiods becomes prolonged owing to the inactivity of the enzymes of the liver. Opioids have the capability of working via three mechanisms that is via receptors, opioid peptides and via certain ionic pathways. The receptors of opioids are present in the peripheral nerves, in the cells of the gut as well as other important regions of the body. The receptors are classified as mu receptors, kappa receptors and delta receptors. The properties of the opioids responsible for relieving the pain are carried out via the mu receptors. The delta receptors are presented in the distal regions of the body and they are considered to be responsible for inducing tolerance to the drugs. The kappa receptors are considered to be responsible for inducing sleep. These receptors of the opioids act via the second messenger, G proteins. They function via preventing the activity of

None Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 34

None - Essay Example Philosophical works in the form of poetry written by Hesiod as early as eighth century BC indicated the presence of scarcity among human beings. Hesiod refers to competition as a real conflict amongst business. He ascertains the impact of entrepreneurial force in the creation of scarcity of resources in the community. As scarcity develops, human beings tend to scramble for the available resources. The philosopher further agrees to the fact that competition amongst business and the nature of scarcity of resources needs governorship by justice and the law. Philosophical theories frequently highlight the relevance of scarcity of resource and competition in the society. Their arguments remain ideal reflections of the occurrence in the business world (Spiegel 1). In modern business, healthy competition acts as a booster in the development of the society. Businesses compete for market share that leads to improvisation of marketing strategies that aims at increasing customer relations. Such improvement in customer preference to individual companies correlates to increased quality of service provision and hence productivity of the economy. Modern economic theories on competition as aforementioned agree Hesiod philosophies on existence of competition. Hesiod supported the existence of competition in the society and its relation to the measure of productivity. He affirms the relationship between competition and productivity through his literary works on Homeric poetry written between 830-750 BC. Hesiod describes competition as either destructive or productive of which the later forms part of contemporary economic productivity (Jr and HÃ ©bert). Productivity of the economy in a modern setting relates to hard work and determination. Such economic theory is in agreement with Hesiod philosophies. Hesiod believed that idleness and productivity could not rhyme. He criticized the former

J.B.Priestley’s play, An Inspector Calls :: English Literature

An inspector calls' - what is the main message and is it still relevant today? We get the impression that she is a when Priestly adds, ‘very pleased with life’. She is ignorant to the world of the working class, and is constantly surrounded by her riches without even considering the lives of other people. During the engagement party, Gerald gives Sheila an engagement ring. This is to represent their relationship and love. Her words on receiving the gift are ‘Oh –Gerald-you’ve got it’. The pause in her sentence indicates the excitement in her voice. She then becomes very involved with the present- like a child receiving a birthday gift. Mr. Birling is about to make his speech about the war and the Titanic, however, he pauses when he realizes that Sheila may not be listening, as she is only concentrating on her ring. This is what a child may do when receiving a toy. This as with both her ‘mummy’ and her father gives us the impression that these people are annoying and makes us dislike them. WHOM 2 BLAME After the inspector leaves the house, they are shocked, but then think about the idea whether the inspector really is the guy he pretends to be and they come to the conclusion that he is not an inspector after all. They find this out by contacting the police who then unfold the truth about him. The play finishes when the police calls saying a young lady died and an inspector is on his way to the Birling house. I think the whole play is very important and a good example of collective responsibility. You understand the problem which follows the behaviour of those people. The content shows the bad treatment of a â€Å"normal â€Å"family towards a person, who lives on a lower social standard, without realizing that they destroy this person’s life. This is as significant for the society of that time as it is for the society in our own time. This will never change. The play wants to show that poor people did not have a chance to change their lives to improve it. This is only possible in our world and in our time. My main reason for thinking that Mrs. Birling is responsible is because she was not only the last step before Eva/Daisy ended her life but because in my eyes she was the most powerful one. Eva/Daisy was at a time where she was most emotional and she must have been feeling J.B.Priestley’s play, An Inspector Calls :: English Literature An inspector calls' - what is the main message and is it still relevant today? We get the impression that she is a when Priestly adds, ‘very pleased with life’. She is ignorant to the world of the working class, and is constantly surrounded by her riches without even considering the lives of other people. During the engagement party, Gerald gives Sheila an engagement ring. This is to represent their relationship and love. Her words on receiving the gift are ‘Oh –Gerald-you’ve got it’. The pause in her sentence indicates the excitement in her voice. She then becomes very involved with the present- like a child receiving a birthday gift. Mr. Birling is about to make his speech about the war and the Titanic, however, he pauses when he realizes that Sheila may not be listening, as she is only concentrating on her ring. This is what a child may do when receiving a toy. This as with both her ‘mummy’ and her father gives us the impression that these people are annoying and makes us dislike them. WHOM 2 BLAME After the inspector leaves the house, they are shocked, but then think about the idea whether the inspector really is the guy he pretends to be and they come to the conclusion that he is not an inspector after all. They find this out by contacting the police who then unfold the truth about him. The play finishes when the police calls saying a young lady died and an inspector is on his way to the Birling house. I think the whole play is very important and a good example of collective responsibility. You understand the problem which follows the behaviour of those people. The content shows the bad treatment of a â€Å"normal â€Å"family towards a person, who lives on a lower social standard, without realizing that they destroy this person’s life. This is as significant for the society of that time as it is for the society in our own time. This will never change. The play wants to show that poor people did not have a chance to change their lives to improve it. This is only possible in our world and in our time. My main reason for thinking that Mrs. Birling is responsible is because she was not only the last step before Eva/Daisy ended her life but because in my eyes she was the most powerful one. Eva/Daisy was at a time where she was most emotional and she must have been feeling

Middle Range Theory Essay

Middle-range theory, developed by Robert K. Merton, is an approach to sociological theorizing aimed at integrating theory and empirical research. It is currently the de facto dominant approach to sociological theory construction,[1] especially in the United States. Middle-range theory starts with an empirical phenomenon (as opposed to a broad abstract entity like the social system) and abstracts from it to create general statements that can be verified by data.[2] This approach stands in contrast to the earlier â€Å"grand† theorizing of social theory, such as functionalism and many conflict theories. Raymond Boudon has argued that â€Å"middle-range theory† is the same concept that most other sciences simply call ‘theory’.[3] The analytical sociology movement has as its aim the unification of such theories into a coherent paradigm at a greater level of abstraction. The midrange approach was developed by Robert Merton as a departure from the general social theorizing of Talcott Parsons. Merton agreed with Parsons that a narrow empiricism consisting entirely of simple statistical or observational regularities cannot arrive at successful theory. However, he found that Parsons’ â€Å"formulations were remote from providing a problematics and a direction for theory-oriented empirical inquiry into the observable worlds of culture and society†.[4] He was thus directly opposed to the abstract theorizing of scholars who are engaged in the attempt to construct a total theoretical system covering all aspects of social life. With the introduction of the middle range theory program, he advocated that sociologists should concentrate on measurable aspects of social reality that can be studied as separate social phenomena, rather than attempting to explain the entire social world. He saw both the middle-range theory approach and middle-range theories themselves as temporary: when they matured, as natural sciences already had, the body of middle range theories would b ecome a system of universal laws; but, until that time, social sciences should avoid trying to create a universal theory.[5] Merton’s original foil in the construction was Talcott Parsons, whose action theory Merton classified as a â€Å"grand theory†. (Parsons vehemently rejected this categorization.) Middle range theories are normally constructed by applying theory building techniques to empirical research, which produce generic propositions about the social world, which in turn can also be empirically tested. Examples of middle range theories are theories of reference groups,  social mobility, normalization processes, role conflict and the formation of social norms.[3] The middle-range approach has played a key role in turning sociology into an increasingly empirically-oriented discipline.[6] This was also important in post-war thought. In the post-war period, middle-range theory became the dominant approach to theory construction in all variable-based social sciences.[5] Middle range theory has also been applied to the archaeological realm by Lewis R. Binford, and to financial theory by Harvard Business School Professor Robert C. Merton,[7][8] Robert K. Merton’s son. In the recent decades, the analytical sociology program has emerged as an attempt synthesizing middle-range theories into a more coherent abstract framework (as Merton had hoped would eventually happen). Peter Hedstrom at Oxford is the scholar most associated with this approach,[9] while Peter Bearman is its most prominent American advocate. Middle Range Theory (Final) MRT approach was developed by R K Merton in contrast to abstract theorizing of total system in all aspect of social life by scholars particularly Talcott Parson. Hence it opposed the grand theorizing of social theory like functionalism, conflict theories etc. MRT is an approach to sociological theorizing that integrates Theory and Empirical research. They are constructed by applying theory building techniques to empirical data. These produce general statement about the social phenomenon under study which can be this verified by data. Examples: theories of reference groups; Social mobility; role conflict etc. However he agreed with Talcott Parson that narrow empiricism cannot arrive at successful theory. He saw MRT approach and theories as temporary that would become a system of universal laws on maturity, so before that he says that social science should avoid trying to create a Universal Theory. Currently MRT approach has become a dominant approach to Sociological theory construction and has been applied to other fields like archaeology, finance etc. as of now analytical sociology program is attempting to unify MRTs into coherent abstract framework as hoped by Merton.

Enron And Its Impact On Enron s Downfall Essay - 1492 Words

Abstract recent collapses of high profile business failures like Enron,Worldcom,Parmlat,and Tycohasbeen a subject of great debate among regulators, investors, government and academics in the recent past. Enron’s case was the greatest failure in the history of American capitalism and had a major impact on financial markets by causing significant losses to investors. Enron was a company ranked by Fortune as the most innovative company in the United States; it exemplified the transition from the production to the knowledge economy. Many lessons can we learn from its collapse. In this paper we present an analysis of the factors that contributed to Enron’s rise and failure, underlying the role that energy deregulation and manipulation of financial statements played on Enron’s demise. We summarize some lessons that can be learned in order to prevent another Enron and restore confidence in the financial markets, as well as in the accounting and auditing professions. Introduction Financial statement analysis is a foremost tool in predicting bankruptcy and probability of business failure. It helps investors and creditors to assess growth rates and income prospects to compare investment alternatives and make financial decisions.However, the Association of Certified Fraud Examiners highlights the frightful fact that companies can manipulate their financial statements. Such manipulation is financial statement fraud which occurs when the financial statements are prepared or reportedShow MoreRelatedEnron Scandal And Its Ethical Implications1744 Words   |  7 PagesEnron Scandal and Its Ethical Implications Introduction Enron’s collapse in 2002 was perhaps the most shocking and widely publicized ethical violations of all times. Once one of the world’s largest energy company, Enron’s downfall and the demise of its accounting firm Arthur Andersen, highlight corporate America’s moral failings. Enron was charged with substantial accounting frauds by manipulating its major accounts and by masking its massive debts. The company stock that once peaked at $90 was downRead MoreThe Downfalls Of Enron, By Han, Henry959 Words   |  4 Pagesfactors or critical issues presented in the case are the downfalls of Enron, which originated out of Houston Texas by Han, Henry(n.d.). He was one of the highest paid Chief Executive Officers in 1999. This organization was aware of the first gas pipeline company that implied known worldwide. The company covers the world’s leading electricity innovations, personnel management, and risk management processes. Also, further studies the company s dramatic failed complex issues that the forced company toRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility Of The Enron Corporation1124 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction We will look at the Enron Corporation and discuss its application of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) or in actuality its irresponsible behavior as related to social responsibility. We will revisit what CSR is and discuss Enron’s philosophy regarding its use and function within the corporation. We will discuss the consequences of Enron’s irresponsible behavior and the far reaching effects it had on society. Corporate Social Responsibility are actions taken by a corporationRead MoreEssay on Enrons Fraudulent Accounting and Financial Information992 Words   |  4 Pagesbe wage and pension increases. This report offers information on operating results and financial conditions of companies to stakeholders as well as to shareholders. 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In the year following the 9/11 hit to our country and economy the DOW lost close to 4500 points; down to 7500 from almost 12000, it did gain some back, but considering the greatRead MoreEnron And The Natural Gas Industry1542 Words   |  7 PagesEnron Background: Enron, based in Houston, Texas, was founded by Kenneth Lay as an energy and pipeline company in 1985 from the merger of two natural gas pipeline companies, Houston Natural Gas and InterNorth. The impetus for Lay to start Enron was the deregulation of the natural gas market in the mid 1980’s, which relaxed the rules on natural gas prices and allowed for more flexible agreements between natural gas producers and pipeline managers. These changes essentially eliminated the practiceRead MoreEnron Was An American Gas Company1480 Words   |  6 Pagesmany people discuss Enron, they immediately associate it with one of the most scandalous accounting scams in history. Enron was an American gas company that arose as the Northern Natural Gas Company in 1931. Internorth was a holding company in headquartered in Omaha, Nebraska, purchased the Northern Natural Gas Company and restructured it is 1979. Founder Kenneth Lay formed the company by merging the two companies and created Enron. E nron was founded in 1985, as one of the world s leading electricityRead MoreEnron s Ethics Code Of Enron Essay943 Words   |  4 PagesAbstracts Enron was once one of the largest companies in the world. After many years of using diverse accounting tricks, they finally had to file bankruptcy in December 2001 due to not being able to hide billions in debt. The top 140 executives got paid 680 million in 2001. (CNN Library, 2015). Kenneth Lay as the founder of Enron and Jeffrey Skilling as the chief executive were both convicted in 2006. (Weiss, 2009, p.28). Thousands of workers were left with valueless stock in their pensions whichRead MoreThe Ethics Of The Enron Case1622 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The Enron case is well known for being the largest corporate bankruptcy in American history. Thousands of people world-wide lost billions of dollars, lost life savings, and lost their jobs. Due to the vast corruption, greed and the blatant disregard for integrity from the very top of Enron leadership, world markets crumbled and investor confidence in corporate America was severely damaged (Chandra, 2003.) We will look at the accounting fraud committed by Enron executives and interestedRead MoreThe Demise Of The Andersen Accounting1746 Words   |  7 PagesThe Enron scandal was one of the most notorious bankruptcies of all time. Many people know about the energy titan’s downfall but less realize that it was also one of the biggest auditing blunders in American corporate history, leading to the dissolution of the Arthur Andersen LLP, which at the time was one of the five largest auditing and accountancy partnerships in the world. The most intriguing aspect of this case is that Andersen was eventually cleared by the United States Supreme Court, yet the